Technical information on Early Streamer Emission air terminals, ΔT performance, protection-radius calculation, brand and model comparison, mast, down-conductor, earthing, event counter, inspection and application engineering.
An Early Streamer Emission air terminal is an external lightning interception device designed to initiate a continuous upward leader earlier than a reference simple rod under prescribed test conditions. The claimed advance is expressed as ΔT in microseconds. ESE installation design is commonly carried out under standards such as NF C 17-102 or UNE 21186 when accepted by the project specification and local authority.
The electric field around the structure increases as a charged thundercloud and descending leader approach.
Depending on the design, the terminal uses the ambient electric field and its geometry, capacitive elements or a patented triggering arrangement. Most products do not require an external power supply.
The device is intended to favour earlier formation of a stable upward leader than a reference rod under the relevant laboratory procedure.
The upward leader and downward leader connect, establishing the lightning discharge channel.
Lightning current travels through the air terminal, mast bonding and one or more down conductors.
The earth-termination system disperses current while equipotential bonding and SPDs reduce dangerous potential differences and induced surges.
ΔT is the measured advance time of an ESE terminal relative to a reference rod under the applicable test procedure. A design standard converts this time into an advance distance ΔL and then uses the required lightning protection level and installation height to determine the protection radius.
The exact variables, permitted ΔT limit, minimum mounting height, protection level and radius table must be taken from the current project-adopted edition of the applicable ESE standard and the certified product documentation. Do not select a model only from a marketing radius.
The following overview is educational and based on publicly available manufacturer information. Product status, certificates, approvals and models can change. Project acceptance must be verified from the latest original certificate, test report, tender requirement and authority approval.
INDELEC is a French lightning-protection specialist associated with the Prevectron product family. Its current Prevectron 3 range promotes OptiMax technology, modular construction and optional connected/remote-test capability.
Publicly listed models: TS10, TS25, S40, S50, S60 and corresponding Connect variants.
Technology summary: The manufacturer states that OptiMax is intended to manage space charge above the tip and improve repeatability of upward-streamer initiation.
ALLTEC supplies integrated lightning protection, grounding, bonding and surge-protection solutions. Its ESE product family is marketed under the TerraStreamer name.
Publicly described features: patented technology, no internal electronics or external supply, low wind loading, corrosive-environment suitability and multiple model options.
Engineering positioning: Usually proposed as one element within a coordinated protection system including grounding and surge protection.
The DAT CONTROLER family includes conventional testable ESE terminals and remote-verification variants.
Publicly listed families: DAT CONTROLER PLUS and DAT CONTROLER REMOTE, including 60 μs variants.
Technology summary: Uses the atmospheric electric-field potential difference between insulated metallic parts to feed the triggering arrangement. Remote models add online status verification.
INGESCO offers non-electronic and electronic ESE air terminals, along with counters, testers, conductors, earthing and surge-protection components.
Publicly listed families: PDC and PDC.E. Catalogue examples include PDC 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 6.3 and 6.4.
Technology summary: PDC.E is described as an electronic ESE terminal using a capacitive charging and upward-emission arrangement without external power.
The publicly listed Tercel Zeus range includes TZ-20, TZ-40, TZ-50, TZ-63 and TZ-90.
Published range information: stainless-steel construction and model designation linked to published triggering-time values.
Verification warning: Before tender use, verify the current manufacturer identity, country of origin, applicable certificate, test laboratory and standard edition directly from original documents.
ONAY states that it was established in 2004 and develops active lightning protection products, including testable and connected solutions.
Publicly visible models/families: Premium, OLP 130 and Bluetooth-enabled Onay Exclusive.
Technology summary: Product families are described as combining ESE operation with model-specific ion-generation, test or connectivity features.
| Brand | Country/Origin | Publicly Listed Product Family | Technology / Feature | Project Verification Needed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| INDELEC | France | Prevectron 3 TS10, TS25, S40, S50, S60; Connect variants | OptiMax; modularity; connected testing on selected models | Latest ΔT certificate, product certificate, standard edition and local acceptance |
| ALLTEC | USA | TerraStreamer family | Ambient-field powered ESE; no external supply; integrated protection philosophy | Exact current model code, ΔT, test certificate and local acceptance |
| Aplicaciones Tecnológicas | Spain | DAT CONTROLER PLUS; DAT CONTROLER REMOTE | Electropulsant/capacitive triggering; remote verification on Remote models | AENOR certificate validity, current datasheet, ATEX requirement where relevant |
| INGESCO | Spain | PDC; PDC.E; catalogue examples 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 6.3, 6.4 | Non-electronic and electronic ESE variants; test accessories | Model-specific ΔT, current withstand, tester compatibility and certificate |
| Tercel Zeus | Verify from current OEM documents | TZ-20, TZ-40, TZ-50, TZ-63, TZ-90 | Model-linked published triggering-time range | OEM identity, origin, certification, standard edition and allowable ΔT |
| ONAY | Türkiye | Premium, OLP 130, Exclusive | Testable and connected variants; model-specific ion-generation claims | Exact ΔT, radius basis, certificate, test report and project acceptance |
Length, width, height, roof levels, isolated equipment, occupancy, fire/explosion risk, utilities, terrain, local lightning data and continuity requirement.
Establish whether protection is required and determine the required protection level according to the project-adopted method.
Confirm whether the tender accepts ESE design and which edition of NF C 17-102, UNE 21186 or another national ESE standard applies.
Use certified ΔT, installation height above the protected surface, required LPL and complete roof geometry.
Check every roof edge, level, projection, tank, chimney, antenna, solar array and exposed open area in plan and elevation.
Define mast, conductor type, number and routing of down conductors, test joints, bonding and mechanical supports.
Coordinate dedicated LPS earth electrodes with the building earthing network while controlling touch and step voltage.
Provide suitable Type 1, Type 2 and downstream protection for power, data, CCTV, instrumentation and control lines as required.
Issue layout, elevation, coverage circles, conductor route, earth detail, material schedule, installation notes and testing plan.
| Component | Purpose | Selection Points |
|---|---|---|
| ESE air terminal | Designed interception point | Certified ΔT, material, tester, warranty, environment, standard acceptance |
| Mast and support | Raises and stabilises terminal | Height, wind load, corrosion, roof fixing, guying, separation |
| Down conductor | Conducts lightning current to earth | Material, cross-section, route, bend radius, spacing, mechanical protection |
| Test joint | Allows inspection and earth testing | Accessible, labelled, corrosion-resistant connection |
| Lightning event counter | Records qualifying discharge events | Current threshold, mounting direction, seal, display, reset policy |
| Earth termination | Disperses lightning current | Soil resistivity, electrode geometry, bonding, corrosion, step/touch voltage |
| Equipotential bonding | Reduces dangerous potential difference | Metal services, structural steel, cable shields, separation-distance review |
| Surge protection devices | Limits conducted and induced surges | LPZ, Type 1/2/3, voltage, current, backup protection, cable length |
ATC buildings, radar, navigation aids, hangars, fuel areas, communication and airfield electrical systems.
Stations, signalling rooms, telecom, depots, workshops, control centres and exposed utility buildings.
Refineries, terminals, storage, gas stations, process plants and explosive-atmosphere locations requiring special design review.
Solar farms, inverter rooms, wind-farm support facilities, control systems and exposed open-field assets.
Server buildings, telecom towers, broadcast sites, satellite facilities and mission-critical electronic systems.
Hospitals, emergency centres, schools, stadiums, heritage structures and high-occupancy buildings.
Automobile, pharmaceutical, cement, steel, food, textile, warehouse and automated production facilities.
Radar, communication, ammunition, command buildings and other security-sensitive infrastructure subject to project-specific rules.
Port buildings, cranes, storage areas, navigation infrastructure and exposed coastal installations. Ships require marine-specific engineering.
No. An ESE air terminal is part of external lightning interception. A surge protective device is installed in electrical or signal circuits to limit transient overvoltage.
No. Coverage depends on certified ΔT, protection level, installation height and complete three-dimensional building geometry. Large or complex sites may require multiple terminals.
IEC 62305 is principally used for conventional risk assessment and lightning protection measures. ESE terminal design is generally specified under national ESE standards such as NF C 17-102 or UNE 21186 when accepted by the project.
No. Correct interception, down-conductor routing, bonding, earth termination and surge protection must operate as a coordinated system.
No. Approval may be product-, project-, authority-, country- or time-specific. Only current documentary approval for the exact model and project requirement should be stated.
Inspection frequency depends on the adopted standard, site criticality, environment and lightning events. Visual inspection, connection checks, earth testing and post-strike checks should form part of the maintenance plan.
ESE and conventional lightning protection must not be presented as the same design method. Both aim to intercept a direct strike, conduct current safely and disperse it into earth, but their air-termination selection and protection-zone methods are different.
| Design Item | ESE System | Conventional System |
|---|---|---|
| Common design reference | NF C 17-102, UNE 21186 or another accepted national ESE standard | IEC 62305 / applicable national adoption and project specification |
| Air termination | Certified ESE terminal with model-specific ΔT | Franklin rods, mesh conductors, catenary wires or natural components |
| Protection-zone method | Protection radius derived from ΔT, height and protection level | Rolling sphere, protective angle and mesh methods |
| Number of terminals | May be reduced on simple, open roofs where one certified zone covers all points | Determined by roof geometry, rolling sphere radius, mesh size and protective angle |
| Complex geometry | Must be checked level by level; a single plan-view circle is not enough | Rolling-sphere and mesh checks are especially useful for complex structures |
| Internal protection | Both require bonding, separation-distance control, earth termination and coordinated SPDs where applicable. | |
A lightning-protection requirement cannot be decided from building height alone. The assessment should consider the probability of a strike, exposure, incoming services, occupancy, fire risk, consequence of failure and the tolerable risk defined by the adopted standard or client specification.
Length, width, total height, roof levels, protrusions, open terraces, tanks, chimneys, towers, canopies and nearby structures.
Latitude and longitude, local lightning density, hilltop or coastal exposure, isolated location, surrounding object height and terrain category.
Number of persons, evacuation difficulty, working hours, public access, hospital patients, students, passengers or hazardous-area personnel.
Combustible roof, structural steel, concrete, cladding, explosive material, fuel, chemicals, high-value machines, data and critical control systems.
HT/LT supply, telecom, optical fibre with metallic armour, CCTV, fire alarm, railway signalling, pipelines, antennas and external instrumentation.
Loss of life, fire, environmental release, production shutdown, service interruption, data loss, cultural loss and financial damage.
For a simple isolated rectangular structure on flat ground, a commonly used preliminary geometric expression for equivalent collection area is:
This expression is not a complete risk assessment. Location factor, environmental factor, connected-line collection areas, lightning density, probability factors and consequence factors must also be evaluated under the adopted standard.
For educational/preliminary use only. It does not select the LPL, ESE model, number of terminals or final BOQ.
The protection level represents the severity of the lightning parameters and the effectiveness required from the system. LPL I is the most stringent and LPL IV the least stringent. The level must be selected by risk assessment or by an explicit project specification.
| Level | General Engineering Meaning | Typical Situations Requiring Consideration | Design Caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| LPL I | Highest protection requirement | Explosive processes, strategic assets, exceptionally high consequence of failure | Do not assign automatically merely because a project is large; calculate risk and follow authority requirements. |
| LPL II | High protection requirement | Critical infrastructure, hospitals, data centres, transport control and high-continuity facilities | Verify all incoming services and internal surge-protection measures. |
| LPL III | Common industrial/commercial requirement | Factories, warehouses, offices, institutions and residential complexes where risk assessment supports it | Roof geometry, fire load and occupancy can require a higher level. |
| LPL IV | Lower protection requirement | Lower-risk structures where calculation permits | Not suitable as a default value without assessment. |
India has strong regional and seasonal variation. Project design should use the latest authoritative lightning-density or thunderstorm data available for the exact location rather than a single national value. Lightning occurrence is influenced by monsoon convection, pre-monsoon thunderstorms, Himalayan and hill terrain, coastal moisture, local heat, elevation and large-scale weather systems.
Northeast India, eastern India, Himalayan foothills, parts of central India, coastal belts and locations with frequent convective storms require careful assessment. District-level variation can be large.
An isolated factory, wind-energy site, telecom tower, hilltop building, airport installation or solar plant may be highly exposed even when the broader state average is moderate.
| Region | Planning Concern | Typical Critical Assets | Required Project Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast states | Frequent convective activity, hills and exposed sites | Telecom, airports, substations, hospitals, public buildings | Use current location-specific lightning data and elevation/exposure review. |
| Eastern belt | Strong seasonal lightning activity in several districts | Railway, mining, steel, power, public infrastructure | District-level assessment; coordinate LPS with signalling and control SPDs. |
| Central India | Pre-monsoon and monsoon thunderstorms | Mines, cement, industrial plants, transmission and warehouses | Review isolated structures, explosive stores and long incoming services. |
| Himalayan and foothill states | Elevation, terrain and weather variability | Tourism, telecom, hydro, defence, ropeways | Terrain factor, wind/snow loading, access and maintenance planning. |
| Western coast and Ghats | Moist convection, corrosion and high rainfall | Ports, refineries, chemical plants, high-rise and renewable sites | Rain-performance, corrosion resistance and marine-grade hardware. |
| Southern peninsula | Seasonal and coastal variation | IT parks, hospitals, manufacturing, airports, wind and solar | Exact coordinates and local data; do not use a generic state value. |
| Northwest and arid zones | Lower average in many areas but severe local storms and exposed open sites | Solar parks, defence, transmission, industrial estates | Exposure and asset criticality can dominate regional average. |
This matrix is qualitative, not a numerical hazard map. Numerical state/district claims should be updated from the latest authoritative atlas or dataset before publication.
These methods are frequently searched together, but they must be described accurately.
A conceptual sphere with radius linked to LPL is rolled over and around the structure. Points touched by the sphere can be exposed to direct strike. This is a principal conventional IEC 62305 air-termination design method and is not the basic ESE radius formula.
A conventional air rod provides a protected zone defined by a level- and height-dependent angle. It is simple for limited-height geometries but must not be extended beyond the permitted range.
Roof conductors form a mesh with maximum dimensions linked to LPL. It is widely used for conventional protection of roofs and integrates naturally with multiple down conductors.
A field-based method used by some proprietary lightning-protection systems and design approaches. Its use, assumptions and acceptance must be verified from the exact manufacturer documentation and project authority.
Uses certified advance time, installation height and required protection level according to the adopted ESE standard. It must not be called the IEC rolling-sphere calculation.
Mixing these methods in one calculation can create misleading coverage. The selected method must match the adopted standard, product certificate and tender requirement.
The mast is not merely a pipe supporting the terminal. Its height affects coverage; its structural design affects safety and reliability. The terminal should generally be positioned above the highest protected point by the minimum height required by the adopted standard and manufacturer instructions.
| Design Check | Engineering Requirement |
|---|---|
| Effective height | Measure from ESE tip to the horizontal plane being protected. Different roof levels require separate checks. |
| Wind loading | Calculate mast, terminal, cable and guy-wire wind load for the site wind zone and mounting height. |
| Support arrangement | Use base plate, wall brackets, tripod or guyed mast as structurally appropriate. Waterproof roof penetrations. |
| Material | Choose hot-dip galvanized steel, stainless steel or another compatible material for corrosion environment. |
| Guying | Use corrosion-resistant guy wires and anchors where required; avoid unsafe attachment to weak parapets or roofing sheets. |
| Separation | Review distance from antennas, pipes, HVAC, solar frames, cables and other conductive services. |
| Maintenance access | Provide safe inspection and tester access without creating fall hazard. |
A down conductor must carry a high-amplitude, fast-rising current while minimizing side-flash risk and mechanical damage. Route it as directly as practical from terminal to earth.
Avoid loops, sharp bends and unnecessary horizontal runs. Follow manufacturer and standard bend-radius requirements.
Use the number required by the adopted ESE standard, building geometry and project specification. Critical or large structures may require multiple paths.
Copper, tinned copper, aluminium or galvanized steel may be used where permitted. Prevent galvanic corrosion at dissimilar-metal joints.
Protect conductor at accessible ground level and locations exposed to impact, theft or vandalism.
Install at an accessible height to permit continuity checks and earth-system testing.
Review nearby conductive services. Bond where required or maintain calculated separation to reduce side flash.
Lightning earthing is not selected only by asking for a single resistance value. Impulse-current behaviour depends on soil resistivity, electrode geometry, conductor length, inductance, bonding, moisture, corrosion and the frequency content of the discharge.
| Soil/Location | Common Challenge | Possible Engineering Response |
|---|---|---|
| Rocky terrain | High resistivity and shallow excavation | Ring/grid, radial conductors, drilled electrodes, foundation earth where feasible |
| Dry sandy soil | Seasonal resistance variation | Greater electrode length/number, wider spacing, moisture-stable backfill where permitted |
| Coastal/chemical environment | Accelerated corrosion | Compatible alloys, tinned conductors, sealed joints and inspection programme |
| Industrial plant | Multiple earth networks and circulating currents | Engineered bonding, grid coordination and separation review |
| Public area | Touch/step exposure | Insulating surface, controlled electrode placement, equipotential grid and restricted access |
An external ESE system cannot protect electronic equipment from every conducted or induced surge. Power and data circuits require an LPZ-based, coordinated SPD strategy.
Installed at the service entrance where lightning current may enter, selected for system voltage, configuration and required impulse-current rating.
Installed in downstream distribution to limit residual transient voltage and protect equipment groups.
Fine protection near sensitive equipment where coordination and cable length require it.
Protect data, CCTV, fire alarm, RS-485, instrumentation, telecom, antenna and control circuits with correctly matched devices.
Long connection leads add inductive voltage. Keep SPD conductors short and route line and earth conductors correctly.
Coordinate fuse/MCB, short-circuit rating, follow current, earthing system and manufacturer instructions.
Airport systems may include terminal buildings, ATC facilities, radar, communication masts, navigation aids, hangars, fuel areas and runway-related electrical equipment. Air-terminal placement must avoid operational interference, while grounding and surge protection must coordinate with sensitive electronics and authority requirements. Airport approval is project-specific; no generic brand approval should be claimed without documentary evidence.
Railway applications include stations, signalling cabins, relay rooms, telecom buildings, depots, workshops, control centres, traction-associated buildings and exposed equipment shelters. External protection must be coordinated with signalling earthing, traction return, telecom interfaces and surge protection. RDSO or railway acceptance must be verified for the exact item and specification.
Refineries, LPG/CNG/LNG facilities, petroleum terminals, compressor stations and chemical plants require ignition-risk control, bonding, hazardous-area equipment selection, corrosion review and strict maintenance. ESE head selection alone is insufficient; the complete system must be integrated with plant earthing, static bonding and surge protection.
Wind turbines are governed by turbine-specific lightning-protection practices and standards, with receptors and internal current paths integrated into blades, nacelle and tower. A rooftop ESE approach must not be substituted for the turbine OEM protection system. ESE systems may be considered for ancillary buildings, substations and control facilities where accepted.
Solar farms include large exposed arrays, inverter stations, SCADA, weather sensors, CCTV and long DC/AC cable routes. The design must review shadowing, array bonding, separation distance, combiner-box SPDs, inverter SPDs, data protection and earth-grid coordination. Coverage circles alone do not protect long cable networks.
Radar, communication, command, ammunition and security facilities require authority-specific design, electromagnetic compatibility, redundancy, secure documentation and controlled product approval. Public website language should not imply defence approval without written evidence.
Hospitals contain life-support, imaging, laboratory, data, fire alarm and emergency-power systems. Risk analysis must account for evacuation difficulty and continuity of medical services. External protection, equipotential bonding, isolated power systems where used, generator/UPS interfaces and coordinated SPDs must be treated as one design.
Data centres require extremely high availability. The design should coordinate external LPS with structural steel, multiple power sources, generators, UPS systems, telecom carriers, rooftop cooling, BMS, fire systems and a staged SPD architecture. Earth bonding topology and cable entry points are critical.
Telecom towers are natural strike points. Antenna feeders, RRUs, fibre armour, DC supply, shelter systems and tower earth grids require bonding and surge protection. The tower may itself form part of the interception path; any ESE proposal must be checked against the tower OEM and telecom operator specification.
High-rise structures may experience side strikes and upward lightning. Multiple roof levels, façade metal, BMU tracks, aviation lights, antennas, HVAC, water tanks and vertical services require a three-dimensional design. A single ESE terminal on the highest roof may not address side-strike exposure or every lower roof.
| Item | Description | Unit | Quantity Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Certified ESE air terminal, selected model and ΔT | No. | Coverage calculation and roof geometry |
| 2 | GI/SS mast with base, brackets or guying set | Set | Mechanical design and terminal count |
| 3 | Down conductor of specified material and cross-section | m | Measured route plus allowance |
| 4 | Conductor holders, saddles, clamps and expansion accessories | No. | Spacing and route conditions |
| 5 | Test joint / disconnecting link | No. | Per down conductor |
| 6 | Lightning event counter | No. | Project specification / selected paths |
| 7 | Earth electrode system with chamber and connectors | Set | Soil study and design |
| 8 | Equipotential bonding conductor and clamps | Lot | Metal services and separation review |
| 9 | Type 1/Type 2 power SPDs and signal SPDs | Set | Panel and circuit survey |
| 10 | Testing, commissioning, drawings and report | Job | Complete project |
This is a format, not a final quantity. Final BOQ requires drawings, dimensions, local conditions and adopted standard.
| Parameter | Required Documentation |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer and model | Original datasheet, serial-number and traceability method |
| Country of origin | Current manufacturer declaration and supply-chain documentation |
| Advance time ΔT | Model-specific test report under adopted ESE standard |
| Protection radius | Table showing LPL, effective height and standard edition |
| Material | Grade of stainless steel or other exposed materials |
| Lightning-current withstand | Impulse test waveform, number of impulses and peak current |
| Environmental tests | Rain, salt mist, sulphurous atmosphere and corrosion tests where applicable |
| Functional test | Compatible tester, test procedure and recommended interval |
| Certification | Certificate issuer, scope, model list, issue/expiry date and standard edition |
| Warranty | Written conditions and exclusions |
Check terminal, mast, guy wires, fasteners, corrosion, conductor supports, bends, joints, labels and damage.
Use the manufacturer-approved tester for testable/electronic products and retain results by serial number.
Verify conductor and bonding continuity, including test joints and earth connections.
Record test method, seasonal condition and individual/interconnected values as appropriate.
Check status indicators, remote contacts, backup protection, connections and replacement need.
Inspect after a recorded strike, major storm, roof work, structural alteration or electrical modification.
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No. The model must be supported by a valid test report and accepted by the project standard. Geometry, effective height, LPL, local approval, mast loading, maintenance and budget must also be considered.
No. Safety depends on correct risk assessment, model certification, complete coverage, current path, bonding, earthing, SPD coordination, installation quality and maintenance.
A hybrid arrangement may be technically possible in some projects, but it must be designed coherently under an accepted specification. Arbitrary mixing of radius and mesh claims should be avoided.
It is chosen from the effective height needed for coverage, minimum standard requirement, roof geometry and structural wind-load calculation—not only from a standard catalogue length.
No universal quantity applies. The number and arrangement depend on the adopted standard, soil, building earthing system, down-conductor count, current distribution and step/touch-voltage requirements.
Permanent isolation can create dangerous potential differences. The adopted standard normally requires coordinated equipotential bonding, but exact connection design should be engineered for the installation.
Aluminium is generally unsuitable for direct burial or certain corrosive/contact conditions. Transition and material-compatibility rules must be followed.
It provides evidence that a qualifying discharge current passed through the conductor, supporting post-event inspection and maintenance records. It does not prove that every system component remains undamaged.
No. Switching surges and many lightning-induced surges require correctly selected SPDs and system-level power-quality measures.
Only a preliminary proposal can be made. Final coverage, quantities, mast locations and conductor routes require accurate drawings and site information.
As-built drawings, product certificates, serial numbers, test reports, earth-test results, continuity results, photographs, warranty, maintenance schedule and commissioning report.
After roof additions, solar installation, antenna changes, façade work, electrical modifications, recorded strike, major storm damage or change in occupancy/process risk.
Drawing review, site data collection, preliminary risk assessment, standard-route selection, ESE model comparison, coverage plan, mast concept, earthing and SPD coordination.
ESE terminal, mast, brackets, guying, down conductor, holders, test joint, event counter, earth electrodes, chambers, bonding and surge-protection components as specified.
Method statement, work-at-height planning, route marking, mounting, conductor installation, earthing, labelling, testing and as-built documentation.
Periodic inspection, testing, tightening, corrosion review, SPD status review, post-strike inspection, corrective BOQ and maintenance report.
Risk-assessment inputs, ESE model comparison, coverage calculation, mast and conductor selection, earthing coordination, BOQ, technical proposal, supply and installation support.
Site location, building drawing, length × width × height, roof levels, application, hazardous classification, existing earthing, preferred standard, tender specification and required completion schedule.
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